LSAC Resources - Research

Alphabetical Listing of All Research Reports

Admissions Policy Research Project: 2002–2003
by the Faculty of Law, University of Alberta

• Admissions Policy Research Project: 2002–2003 - Introduction
• Admissions Policy Research Project: 2002–2003 - Full Research Report (PDF)

An Analysis of Differential Validity and Differential Prediction for Black, Mexican American, Hispanic, and White Law School Students (RR 90-03)
by Linda F. Wightman and David G. Muller

• An Analysis of Differential Validity and Differential Prediction for Black, Mexican American, Hispanic, and White Law School Students (RR 90-03) - Executive Summary
• An Analysis of Differential Validity and Differential Prediction for Black, Mexican American, Hispanic, and White Law School Students (RR 90-03) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Application of the M-Index for the LSAT (RR 10-01)
by Dmitry I. Belov, Law School Admission Council; and Ronald D. Armstrong, Rutgers University

• Application of the M-Index for the LSAT (RR 10-01) - Executive Summary
• Application of the M-Index for the LSAT (RR 10-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

An Application of the VM-Index for the LSAT (RR 10-02)
by Dmitry I. Belov

• An Application of the VM-Index for the LSAT (RR 10-02) - Executive Summary
• An Application of the VM-Index for the LSAT (RR 10-02)- Full Research Report (PDF)

Applications of Uniform Test Assembly for the LSAT (RR 05-01)
by Dmitry I. Belov

• Applications of Uniform Test Assembly for the LSAT (RR 05-01) - Executive Summary
• Applications of Uniform Test Assembly for the LSAT (RR 05-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Are Other Things Essentially Equal? An Empirical Investigation of the Consequences of Including Race as a Factor in Law School Admission
by Linda F. Wightman, Southwestern University Law Review, Volume 28, Number 1, 1998

• Are Other Things Essentially Equal? An Empirical Investigation of the Consequences of Including Race as a Factor in Law School Admission - Introduction
• Are Other Things Essentially Equal? An Empirical Investigation of the Consequences of Including Race as a Factor in Law School Admission - Full Research Report (PDF)

Assessing the Impact of Topic Interest on Comprehension Processes (RR 11-02)
by Joseph P. Magliano, Amanda M. Durik, and Janet K. Holt, Northern Illinois University

• Assessing the Impact of Topic Interest on Comprehension Processes (RR 11-02) - Executive Summary
• Assessing the Impact of Topic Interest on Comprehension Processes (RR 11-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Automatic Prediction of Item Difficulty Based on Semantic Similarity Measures (RR 08-04)
by Dmitry I. Belov and Lily Knezevich

• Automatic Prediction of Item Difficulty Based on Semantic Similarity Measures (RR 08-04) - Executive Summary
• Automatic Prediction of Item Difficulty Based on Semantic Similarity Measures (RR 08-04) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Balanced Item Pool Assembly in Computerized Adaptive Testing (RR 07-04)
by Dmitry I. Belov

• Balanced Item Pool Assembly in Computerized Adaptive Testing (RR 07-04) - Executive Summary
• Balanced Item Pool Assembly in Computerized Adaptive Testing (RR 07-04) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Bayesian Estimation Methods for Multidimensional Models for Discrete and Continuous Responses (RR 06-05)
by Cees A. W. Glas, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Bayesian Estimation Methods for Multidimensional Models for Discrete and Continuous Responses (RR 06-05) - Executive Summary
• Bayesian Estimation Methods for Multidimensional Models for Discrete and Continuous Responses (RR 06-05) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Bayesian Estimation Methods for Multidimensional Models for Discrete and Continuous Responses with a Structure on the Item and Person Parameters (RR 07-03)
by Cees A. W. Glas and Oksana Korobko, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Bayesian Estimation Methods for Multidimensional Models for Discrete and Continuous Responses with a Structure on the Item and Person Parameters (RR 07-03) - Executive Summary
• Bayesian Estimation Methods for Multidimensional Models for Discrete and Continuous Responses with a Structure on the Item and Person Parameters (RR 07-03) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Beyond FYA: Analysis of the Utility of LSAT Scores and UGPA for Predicting Academic Success in Law School (RR 99-05)
by Linda F. Wightman, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

• Beyond FYA: Analysis of the Utility of LSAT Scores and UGPA for Predicting Academic Success in Law School (RR 99-05) - Executive Summary
• Beyond FYA: Analysis of the Utility of LSAT Scores and UGPA for Predicting Academic Success in Law School (RR 99-05) - Full Research Report (PDF)

A Bivariate Lognormal Response-Time Model for the Detection of Collusion Between Test Takers (RR 08-06)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• A Bivariate Lognormal Response-Time Model for the Detection of Collusion Between Test Takers (RR 08-06) - Executive Summary
• A Bivariate Lognormal Response-Time Model for the Detection of Collusion Between Test Takers (RR 08-06) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Clustering U.S. Law Schools Using Variables That Describe Size, Cost, Selectivity, and Student Body Characteristics (RR 93-04)
by Linda F. Wightman

• Clustering U.S. Law Schools Using Variables That Describe Size, Cost, Selectivity, and Student Body Characteristics (RR 93-04) - Introduction
• Clustering U.S. Law Schools Using Variables That Describe Size, Cost, Selectivity, and Student Body Characteristics (RR 93-04) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Comparability of Test-Taker Proficiency Scores on Computer Adaptive Tests Using Real and Simulated Data (RR 11-04)
by Josiah Evans, Law School Admisison Council; Jimmy de la Torre, Rutgers University; and Peter J. Pashley, Law School Admission Council

• Comparability of Test-Taker Proficiency Scores on Computer Adaptive Tests Using Real and Simulated Data (RR 11-04) - Executive Summary
• Comparability of Test-Taker Proficiency Scores on Computer Adaptive Tests Using Real and Simulated Data (RR 11-04) - Full Research Report (PDF)

A Comparison of Mantel-Haenszel Differential Item Functioning Parameters (RR 98-03)
by Deborah L. Schnipke, Louis A. Roussos, and Peter J. Pashley

• A Comparison of Mantel-Haenszel Differential Item Functioning Parameters (RR 98-03) - Executive Summary
• A Comparison of Mantel-Haenszel Differential Item Functioning Parameters (RR 98-03) - Full Research Report (PDF)

A Compendium of LSAT and LSAC-Sponsored Item Types 1948–1994 (RR 94-01)
by Lynda M. Reese and Ruth Anne Cotter

• A Compendium of LSAT and LSAC-Sponsored Item Types 1948–1994 (RR 94-01) - Executive Summary
• A Compendium of LSAT and LSAC-Sponsored Item Types 1948–1994 (RR 94-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Conceptual Issues in Response-Time Modeling (RR 08-01)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Conceptual Issues in Response-Time Modeling (RR 08-01) - Executive Summary
• Conceptual Issues in Response-Time Modeling (RR 08-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Crafting an Incoming Law School Class: Preliminary Results (RR 99-01)
by Peter J. Pashley and Andrea E. Thornton

• Crafting an Incoming Law School Class: Preliminary Results (RR 99-01) - Executive Summary
• Crafting an Incoming Law School Class: Preliminary Results (RR 99-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Detection of Answer Copying via Kullback–Leibler Divergence and K-Index (RR 09-01)
by Dmitry I. Belov, Law School Admission Council; and Ronald D. Armstrong, Rutgers University

• Detection of Answer Copying via Kullback–Leibler Divergence and K-Index (RR 09-01) - Executive Summary
• Detection of Answer Copying via Kullback–Leibler Divergence and K-Index (RR 09-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Discrepant LSAT Subscores (RR 93-01)
by Lawrence J. Stricker

• Discrepant LSAT Subscores (RR 93-01) - Abstract
• Discrepant LSAT Subscores (RR 93-01)- Full Research Report (PDF)

Distributions of Kullback–Leibler Divergence and Its Application for the LSAT (RR 09-02)
by Dmitry I. Belov, Law School Admission Council; and Ronald D. Armstrong, Rutgers University

• Distributions of Kullback–Leibler Divergence and Its Application for the LSAT (RR 09-02) - Executive Summary
• Distributions of Kullback–Leibler Divergence and Its Application for the LSAT (RR 09-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Employment Patterns of Law School Graduates (RR 00-01)
by Joe G. Baker, Associate Professor of Economics, Southern Utah University

• Employment Patterns of Law School Graduates (RR 00-01) - Executive Summary
• Employment Patterns of Law School Graduates (RR 00-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

A Hierarchical Framework for Modeling Speed and Accuracy on Test Items (RR 05-02)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• A Hierarchical Framework for Modeling Speed and Accuracy on Test Items (RR 05-02) - Executive Summary
• A Hierarchical Framework for Modeling Speed and Accuracy on Test Items (RR 05-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

History and Performance of Chinese Law School Admission Test Takers (RR 96-02)
by Xiang Bo Wang and Vincent F. Harris

• History and Performance of Chinese Law School Admission Test Takers (RR 96-02) - Executive Summary
• History and Performance of Chinese Law School Admission Test Takers (RR 96-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Information-Based Versus Number-Correct Routing in Multistage Classification Tests (RR 07-05)
by Alexander Weissman and Dmitry I. Belov, Law School Admission Council; and Ronald D. Armstrong, Rutgers University

• Information-Based Versus Number-Correct Routing in Multistage Classification Tests (RR 07-05) - Executive Summary
• Information-Based Versus Number-Correct Routing in Multistage Classification Tests (RR 07-05) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Item Response Theory Parameter Estimation with Response Times as Collateral Information (RR 06-04)
by Wim J. van der Linden, Rinke H. Klein Entink, and Jean-Paul Fox, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Item Response Theory Parameter Estimation with Response Times as Collateral Information (RR 06-04) - Executive Summary
• Item Response Theory Parameter Estimation with Response Times as Collateral Information (RR 06-04) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Legal Education at the Close of the Twentieth Century: Descriptions and Analyses of Students, Financing, and Professional Expectations and Attitudes
by Linda F. Wightman

• Legal Education at the Close of the Twentieth Century: Descriptions and Analyses of Students, Financing, and Professional Expectations and Attitudes - Introduction
• Legal Education at the Close of the Twentieth Century: Descriptions and Analyses of Students, Financing, and Professional Expectations and Attitudes - Full Research Report (PDF)

Likelihood-based Estimation Methods for Models for Concurrent Continuous and Discrete Responses (RR 05-04)
by Cees A. W. Glas and Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Likelihood-based Estimation Methods for Models for Concurrent Continuous and Discrete Responses (RR 05-04) - Executive Summary
• Likelihood-based Estimation Methods for Models for Concurrent Continuous and Discrete Responses (RR 05-04) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Likelihood-Based Estimation Methods for Models for Concurrent Continuous and Discrete Responses With a Structure for the Item and Person Parameters (RR 06-03)
by Wim J. van der Linden and Cees A. W. Glas, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Likelihood-Based Estimation Methods for Models for Concurrent Continuous and Discrete Responses With a Structure for the Item and Person Parameters (RR 06-03)- Executive Summary
• Likelihood-Based Estimation Methods for Models for Concurrent Continuous and Discrete Responses With a Structure for the Item and Person Parameters (RR 06-03) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Likelihood-based Statistics for Continuous and Discrete Responses With a Structure for the Item and Person Parameters (RR 06-06)
by Cees A. W. Glas and Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Likelihood-based Statistics for Continuous and Discrete Responses With a Structure for the Item and Person Parameters (RR 06-06) - Executive Summary
• Likelihood-based Statistics for Continuous and Discrete Responses With a Structure for the Item and Person Parameters (RR 06-06) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Likelihood-based Statistics for Validating Continuous Response Models (RR 05-03)
by Cees A. W. Glas and Oksana Korobko, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Likelihood-based Statistics for Validating Continuous Response Models (RR 05-03) - Executive Summary
• Likelihood-based Statistics for Validating Continuous Response Models (RR 05-03) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Linking Response-Time Parameters Onto a Common Scale (RR 08-02)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Linking Response-Time Parameters Onto a Common Scale (RR 08-02) - Executive Summary
• Linking Response-Time Parameters Onto a Common Scale (RR 08-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

LSAC National Longitudinal Bar Passage Study
by Linda F. Wightman, with a historical introduction by Henry Ramsey, Jr.

• LSAC National Longitudinal Bar Passage Study - Executive Summary
• LSAC National Longitudinal Bar Passage Study - Full Research Report (PDF)

LSAT Listening Assessment: Theoretical Background and Specifications (RR 03-02)
by Kenneth Olson

• LSAT Listening Assessment: Theoretical Background and Specifications (RR 03-02) - Executive Summary
• LSAT Listening Assessment: Theoretical Background and Specifications (RR 03-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Optimizing Information Using the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm in Item Response Theory (RR 11-01)
by Alexander Weissman

• Optimizing Information Using the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm in Item Response Theory (RR 11-01) - Executive Summary
• Optimizing Information Using the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm in Item Response Theory (RR 11-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Predictive Control of Speededness in Adaptive Testing (RR 07-02)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Predictive Control of Speededness in Adaptive Testing (RR 07-02) - Executive Summary
• Predictive Control of Speededness in Adaptive Testing (RR 07-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Predictive Validity of the LSAT: A National Summary of the 1990–1992 Correlation Studies (RR 93-05)
by Linda F. Wightman

• Predictive Validity of the LSAT: A National Summary of the 1990–1992 Correlation Studies (RR 93-05) - Executive Summary
• Predictive Validity of the LSAT: A National Summary of the 1990–1992 Correlation Studies (RR 93-05) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Program of Research on Legal Writing: Phase II: Research on a Writing Exercise (RR 96-01)
by Hunter M. Breland, Sydell T. Carlton, and Susan Taylor

• Program of Research on Legal Writing: Phase II: Research on a Writing Exercise (RR 96-01) - Executive Summary
• Program of Research on Legal Writing: Phase II: Research on a Writing Exercise (RR 96-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

A Report on the Inclusion of Diverse Speakers on the LSAT Listening Comprehension Assessment: A Survey of the Literature with Recommendations (RR 04-02)
by Stephanie M. Strassel, University of Pennsylvania

• A Report on the Inclusion of Diverse Speakers on the LSAT Listening Comprehension Assessment: A Survey of the Literature with Recommendations (RR 04-02) - Executive Summary
• A Report on the Inclusion of Diverse Speakers on the LSAT Listening Comprehension Assessment: A Survey of the Literature with Recommendations (RR 04-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

The Road to Law School and Beyond: Examining Challenges to Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Legal Profession (RR 02-01)
by Gita Z. Wilder

• The Road to Law School and Beyond: Examining Challenges to Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Legal Profession (RR 02-01) - Executive Summary
• The Road to Law School and Beyond: Examining Challenges to Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Legal Profession (RR 02-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Self-reported Methods of Test Preparation Used by LSAT Takers: A Summary of Responses from June and September 1989 Test Takers (RR 90-01)
by Linda F. Wightman

• Self-reported Methods of Test Preparation Used by LSAT Takers: A Summary of Responses from June and September 1989 Test Takers (RR 90-01) - Executive Summary
• Self-reported Methods of Test Preparation Used by LSAT Takers: A Summary of Responses from June and September 1989 Test Takers (RR 90-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Sequencing an Adaptive Test Battery (RR 08-05)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Sequencing an Adaptive Test Battery (RR 08-05) - Executive Summary
• Sequencing an Adaptive Test Battery (RR 08-05) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Statistical Tests for Conditional Independence in a Hierarchical Model for Speed and Accuracy on Test Items (RR 06-02)
by Wim J. van der Linden and Cees A. W. Glas, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Statistical Tests for Conditional Independence in a Hierarchical Model for Speed and Accuracy on Test Items (RR 06-02) - Executive Summary
• Statistical Tests for Conditional Independence in a Hierarchical Model for Speed and Accuracy on Test Items (RR 06-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

A Stochastic Search for Test Assembly, Item Pool Analysis, and Design (RR 04-01)
by Dmitry Belov, Law School Admission Council; and Ronald D. Armstrong, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

• A Stochastic Search for Test Assembly, Item Pool Analysis, and Design (RR 04-01) - Executive Summary
• A Stochastic Search for Test Assembly, Item Pool Analysis, and Design (RR 04-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Structural Modeling Using Two-Step MML Procedures (RR 08-07)
by Cees A. W. Glas, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Structural Modeling Using Two-Step MML Procedures (RR 08-07) - Executive Summary
• Structural Modeling Using Two-Step MML Procedures (RR 08-07) - Full Research Report (PDF)

A Study of Structural Modeling Using Plausible Value Imputation (RR 08-03)
by Cees A. W. Glas and Hanneke Geerlings, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• A Study of Structural Modeling Using Plausible Value Imputation (RR 08-03) - Executive Summary
• A Study of Structural Modeling Using Plausible Value Imputation (RR 08-03) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Summary of Self-Reported Methods of Test Preparation by LSAT Takers for 1990–1991 Testing Year (RR 93-02)
by Robert McKinley

• Summary of Self-Reported Methods of Test Preparation by LSAT Takers for 1990–1991 Testing Year (RR 93-02) - Executive Summary
• Summary of Self-Reported Methods of Test Preparation by LSAT Takers for 1990–1991 Testing Year (RR 93-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Test Design and Speededness (RR 07-01)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Test Design and Speededness (RR 07-01) - Executive Summary
• Test Design and Speededness (RR 07-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Testing for Structure Recognition (RR 98-02)
by Gilbert E. Plumer

• Testing for Structure Recognition (RR 98-02) - Executive Summary
• Testing for Structure Recognition (RR 98-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

The Threat to Diversity in Legal Education: An Empirical Analysis of the Consequences of Abandoning Race as a Factor in Law School Admission Decisions
by Linda F. Wightman, New York University Law Review, Volume 72, Number 1, April 1997

• The Threat to Diversity in Legal Education: An Empirical Analysis of the Consequences of Abandoning Race as a Factor in Law School Admission Decisions - Introduction
• The Threat to Diversity in Legal Education: An Empirical Analysis of the Consequences of Abandoning Race as a Factor in Law School Admission Decisions - Full Research Report (PDF)

Using Response Times for Item Selection in Computerized Adaptive Testing (RR 06-01)
by Wim J. van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

• Using Response Times for Item Selection in Computerized Adaptive Testing (RR 06-01) - Executive Summary
• Using Response Times for Item Selection in Computerized Adaptive Testing (RR 06-01) - Full Research Report (PDF)

The Validity of Law School Admission Test Scores For Repeaters: A Replication (RR 90-02)
by Linda F. Wightman

• The Validity of Law School Admission Test Scores For Repeaters: A Replication (RR 90-02) - Executive Summary
• The Validity of Law School Admission Test Scores For Repeaters: A Replication (RR 90-02) - Full Research Report (PDF)

Women in Legal Education: A Comparison of the Law School Performance and Law School Experiences of Women and Men
by Linda F. Wightman

• Women in Legal Education: A Comparison of the Law School Performance and Law School Experiences of Women and Men - Introduction
• Women in Legal Education: A Comparison of the Law School Performance and Law School Experiences of Women and Men - Full Research Report (PDF)